Screening with a validated screening tool (for example, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer and Problem Checklist), assessment and referral to appropriate health professionals or organisations is required to meet the identified needs of an individual, their carer and family.

In addition to the other common issues outlined in the Appendix, specific needs that may arise at this time include the following.

Physical needs

• Upper and lower limb lymphoedema may require referral to a trained lymphoedema practitioner.
• Long-term phantom limb pain may require ongoing pain management.
• Decline in functional status (particularly from limb reconstruction or amputation) may affect the patient’s mobility and ability to take part in everyday activities. Referral to an occupational therapist, orthotist/prosthetist and a physiotherapist or exercise physiologist for assessment, education, intervention and compensatory strategies may assist with maintaining mobility. These may require prolonged periods of rehabilitation.
• Healing of underlying structures, infection and other complication risks relating to skeletal implants may require input from wound nurse specialists and infection control specialists.
• Patients require ongoing nutritional screening, assessment and management. Reduced oral intake and/or swallowing difficulties and weight loss require referral to a dietitian and speech pathologist (for swallowing difficulties).
• Patients may need treatment for other physical symptoms such as pain, fatigue and musculoskeletal dysfunction.

Psychological needs

• Disfigurement and scarring from appearance-altering treatment and the need for a prosthesis may require referral to a specialist psychologist, psychiatrist, orthotist/prosthetist or social worker.
• Patients may need support with emotional and psychological issues including, but not limited to, body image concerns, fatigue, existential anxiety, treatment phobias, anxiety/depression, interpersonal problems and sexuality concerns.

Social/practical needs

• Ensure the patient attends appointments.
• Financial issues related to loss of income and additional expenses as a result of illness and/or treatment may require support.
• Help with legal issues may be required including for advance care planning, appointing a power of attorney, completing a will and making an insurance, superannuation or social security claim on the basis of terminal illness or permanent disability.

Information needs

• Provide appropriate information for people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.

Spiritual needs

• Patients with cancer and their families should have access to spiritual support that is appropriate to their needs throughout the cancer journey.