See validated screening tools mentioned in Principle 4 ‘Supportive care’.

A number of specific challenges and needs may arise at this time for patients:

• assistance for dealing with emotional and psychological distress resulting from fear of death or dying, existential concerns, anticipatory grief, communicating wishes to loved ones, interpersonal problems and sexuality concerns
• potential isolation from normal support networks, particularly for rural patients who are staying away from home for treatment
• cognitive changes as a result of treatment and disease progression such as altered memory, attention and concentration (a patient may appoint someone to make medical, financial and legal decisions on their behalf – a substitute decision-maker – before and in case they experience cognitive decline)
• management of physical symptoms including dysphagia, pain, nausea, vomiting, mucositis, anorexia, cachexia and indigestion
• dietitian referral for nutrition assessment and management/support to maintain quality of life and to help with managing symptoms
• surgery for palliating symptoms of advanced gastric cancer
• active treatment for dysphagia – radiotherapy or a stent may be required for advanced oesophageal cancer
• access to urgent endoscopy to remove food bolus obstruction (if required)
• acute events such as catastrophic haemorrhage, perforation or obstruction
• decline in mobility or functional status as a result of recurrent disease and treatments (referral to physiotherapy or occupational therapy may be required)
• coping with hair loss and changes in physical appearance (refer to the Look Good, Feel Better program– see ’Resource List’)
• appointing a substitute decision-maker and completing an advance care directive
• financial issues as a result of disease recurrence such as gaining early access to superannuation and insurance
• legal issues (completing a will, care of dependent children) and making an insurance, superannuation or social security claim on the basis of terminal illness or permanent disability.