Hepatic artery embolisation (HAE) and transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) may benefit patients if the NET tumour has spread to the liver.

Radioembolisation (selective internal radiation therapy) may benefit patients with liver metastases that cannot be removed with surgery.

Embolisation may benefit patients with pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.

Ablation therapy (radiofrequency or cryoablation) may benefit patients with tumours specific regions (e.g. in the liver).

Timeframes for starting treatment

When active treatment is considered necessary, treatment should start within four weeks of the treatment decision.

Training and experience required of the appropriate specialists

Interventional radiologist (Fellow of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (or equivalent)) with adequate training and experience in liver-directed therapies and institutional credentialing and agreed scope of practice in NETs.

Tier B (advanced) interventional radiology competency (as defined by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists / Interventional Radiology Society of Australasia) is recommended following fellowship training sufficient to obtain European Board of Interventional Radiology or equivalent standard.