Despite very intensive therapeutic options, paediatric patients diagnosed with AML still have a relatively poor prognosis in comparison with many paediatric or adolescent and young adult patients with another cancer diagnosis (including acute lymphoblastic leukaemia). Toxicity from current regimens leaves little room for further intensification to improve outcomes. The side effects of intensive systemic therapy can be even more severe for children and include acute organ toxicities, prolonged immunodeficiency and infection. As a result of these complexities, high-quality evidence-based care is required not only to deliver therapy and supportive care but is essential in the diagnosis phase, post-treatment surveillance and long-term follow-up care.

Children with AML must have their treatment delivered by a statewide referral centre for paediatric oncology. Shared care may be considered for surveillance after completing treatment. Children’s cancer services actively participate in clinical trials as a way of participating in research and improving outcomes for children.